The Interplay Between Sufism and Islamic Theology
Keywords:
Sufism, Islamic Theology, Kalām, Tawḥīd, EpistemologyAbstract
This paper explores the dynamic interplay between Sufism (Tasawwuf) and Islamic theology (ʿIlm al-Kalām), two foundational dimensions of the Islamic intellectual and spiritual tradition. While Islamic theology focuses on articulating and defending doctrinal beliefs through rational discourse, Sufism emphasizes experiential knowledge of God through spiritual discipline, purification of the soul, and divine love. Historically, the two disciplines have had a complex relationship—marked by both convergence and divergence. Thinkers such as al-Ghazālī played a crucial role in harmonizing theological orthodoxy with mystical insight, arguing that true understanding of God requires both intellectual affirmation and inner realization. The paper discusses key theological themes—such as tawḥīd (divine unity), human nature, and epistemology—from both theological and Sufi perspectives, highlighting their distinct but complementary approaches. It also addresses historical criticisms from theologians against certain Sufi practices and doctrines, and the ways in which Sufis responded to these challenges. Ultimately, the study argues that Sufism and theology are not mutually exclusive but mutually enriching, contributing to a comprehensive Islamic worldview that integrates reason and spirituality. This synthesis remains relevant today in addressing modern existential questions and preserving the spiritual depth of Islam in an age dominated by materialism and rationalism.
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